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HFMS V1.0 was shown to have acceptable reliability and validity indices for this sample. Collectively, HFMS V1.0 is reliable and efficient to measure the healthy fitness of elderly people. It is recommended to use it among the elderly in other Chinese cities in the future to ensure uniformity and objectivity. This scale can be carried out to evaluate of the effectiveness of public health measures in improving the healthy fitness level of the elderly and optimizing public health policies.
The uniformly trained investigators sent out the questionnaire to the subjects, and introduced the filling method and precautions. The subjects were required to respond independently and completed the questionnaire by themselves based on their own healthy fitness in the past month. If the participants have trouble in reading the questionnaires, the investigator may provide appropriate assistance to them without any inducing prompts. In order to ensure the quality of the questionnaires, all questionnaires were collected on the spot, and those with more than 6 missing items, inconsistent answers, regular answers, or highly repeated answers were excluded.
The main advantage of HFMS V1.0 scale is comprehensive evaluation of healthy fitness with systematic structure as the scale involves examinations of physical, mental fitness, and social fitness. Our study first confirms the reliability and validity of HFMS V1.0 in the Chinese elderly population through EFA and CFA, when describing the operational definition of healthy fitness.
Firstly, all the data in this study were collected from questionnaires filled out by the subjects of the elderly with diminished cognitive abilities, so there might exist certain potential reporting biases. Secondly, the self-report method was adopted through which the participants made an evaluation of their health fitness in the past month, but there may be a recall bias. Besides, we used a multi-stage stratified sampling method and sampling errors are still inevitable. Though the present study provides evidence for effective application of HFMS V1.0, the survey sampling was limited to four regions of the city of Guangzhou. Large-scale investigations and empirical studies should be further conducted in China in the future.
As far as we know, this study first uses HFMS V1.0 to assess the health fitness level of the elderly, but the participants in all stages of this study were selected from Guangzhou city. Therefore, what extent the study sample reflects the health condition of entire Chinese elderly population remains unknown. The HFMS V1.0 should be tested among the elderly from different regions of China, thereby contributing to nationwide application of the scale. Additionally, considering cultural differences between different countries, the use of this scale in other countries requires a further cross-cultural revision and verification.
This study confirms that the HFMS V1.0 scale has acceptable reliability and validity in the assessment of the healthy fitness of the elderly in Guangzhou, and it can be used as an effective and reliable quantitative measurement of the healthy fitness level of the elderly in other regions of China. These evidences might lay a good foundation for further research on the healthy fitness norms of the elderly and their related factors.
As I was writing this article, I happened to reconnect with a longtime friend who revealed that she too had made some great progress in feeling better and improving her health and fitness after a rough patch in life. Her secret to success was revealed in the strange photograph at left.
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The purpose was to: 1) perform a systematic review of studies examining the relation between physical activity, fitness, and health in school-aged children and youth, and 2) make recommendations based on the findings.
The expert panel reached the following conclusions: (i) Evidence-based data are strong to conclude that physical activity has beneficial effects on adiposity (within overweight and obese youth), musculoskeletal health and fitness, and several components of cardiovascular health. (ii) Evidence-based data are adequate to conclude that physical activity has beneficial effects on adiposity levels in those with a normal body weight, on blood pressure in normotensive youth, on plasma lipid and lipoproteins levels, on non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors (inflammatory markers, endothelial function and heart rate variability), and on several components of mental health (self-concept, anxiety and depression) [20]. A summary of evidence concerning the health outcomes examined by the expert panel is shown in Table 1 [Additional file 1]. The amount, intensity, and type of physical activity required to achieve the result, when clear, is also shown in the table.
In 2008 a second systematic review of literature examining the relation between physical activity and key fitness and health outcomes within school-aged children and youth was published. This systematic review was part of the "Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans" project that was undertaken by the Unites States Department of Health and Human Services [21]. Unlike the 2005 CDC sponsored systematic review that focused on intervention studies, the 2008 review considered both observational and experimental studies. The 2008 systematic review concluded that few studies have provided data on the dose-response relation between physical activity and various health and fitness outcomes in children and youth. However, substantial data indicate that health and fitness benefits will occur in most children and youth who participate in 60 or more minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on a daily basis. For children and youth to gain comprehensive health benefits they need to participate in the following types of physical activity on 3 or more days per week: vigorous aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and weight-loading activities.
1) How much (volume) physical activity is needed for minimal and optimal health benefits in school-aged children and youth To address this question careful consideration was given to whether dose-response relations existed between physical activity and fitness with the various health outcomes, and if so, the pattern of these relations (e.g., linear, or curvilinear relations with large improvements in health occurring with limited increases in physical activity at the low end of the physical activity scale, or curvilinear relations with small improvements in health occurring with increases in physical activity at the low end of the physical activity scale).
We recognized that although cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness are partially genetic in origin, they are in large measure a reflection of physical activity participation in recent weeks and months [22]. Therefore, the systematic review also included studies that examined the relation between fitness and health. For our purposes, fitness was assumed to be a proxy measure of physical activity. Any studies evaluating the relationship between physical activity or fitness and one or more of the key health outcomes listed above within school-aged children and youth were eligible for inclusion.
For the observational studies, there were no limitations placed on the form of physical activity (e.g., questionnaire, activity diary, pedometer, accelerometer) or fitness (cardiorespiratory or musculoskeletal fitness) measurements. For intervention studies, all cardiorespriatory and/or musculoskeletal based interventions were eligible for inclusion. Intervention studies were excluded if they included a dietary (e.g., caloric restriction) or other behavioral risk factor component (e.g., smoking cessation) that may have independently affected the health outcomes and subsequently made it impossible to distinguish the independent effect of the physical activity portion of the intervention.
Guidance regarding the content and frequency of pre-placement and periodic medical evaluations and examinations for structural fire fighters can be found in NFPA 1582,19 and in the report of the International Association of Fire Fighters/International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFF/IAFC) wellness/fitness initiative.23 The FD is not legally required to follow any of these standards but should implement the recommendation to improve safety and health.
Physical inactivity is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor for CAD in the United States. Physical inactivity, or lack of exercise, is associated with other CAD risk factors: obesity and diabetes.25 NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, requires a wellness program that provides health promotion activities for preventing health problems and enhancing overall well-being.26 NFPA 1583, Standard on Health-Related Fitness Programs for Fire Fighters, provides the minimum requirements for a health-related fitness program.27 In 1997, the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) and the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) published a comprehensive Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness/Fitness Initiative to improve fire fighter quality of life and maintain physical and mental capabilities of fire fighters. Ten fire departments across the United States joined this effort to pool information about their physical fitness programs and to create a practical fire service program. They produced a manual and a video detailing elements of such a program.23 Large-city negotiated programs can also be reviewed as potential models. Wellness programs have been shown to be cost effective, typically by reducing the number of work-related injuries and lost work days.28-30 A similar cost savings has been reported by the wellness program at the Phoenix Fire Department, where a 12-year commitment has resulted in a significant reduction in their disability pension costs.31 59ce067264
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