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In the present study, phenotypic changes resulting from phaR inactivation were investigated. There were no observable differences between ΔphaR and USDA110 grown in TY, whereas ΔphaR demonstrated decreased cell yield and diminished PHB accumulation in YEM (Fig. 1). These results suggest that altered PHB metabolism compromises the balance in intracellular carbon source usage. In fact, expression of pdhAB for acetyl-CoA synthesis was reduced in ΔphaR and transcription of ppc and ppsA increased, whereas those of pckA and exaA decreased. Together, these changes may cause a distortion in carbon metabolism. However, amounts of EPS produced in ΔphaR were approximately double those produced in USDA110 (Fig. 1), indicating that part of the energy and resources for PHB accumulation may be used for EPS production in ΔphaR. In addition, transcription of the operon containing exoZ increased in ΔphaR. Reduced EPS production was reported in an exoZ mutant strain of S. meliloti [33]. Therefore, the opposite effect may occur upon elevated expression of exoZ in ΔphaR, resulting in an increase in EPS production. Recently, the similar phenotypic changes were reported for another mutant with phaR inactivation [9]. On the other hand, we found ΔphaR improved thermal stress tolerance in both YEM and TY regardless of PHB accumulation (Additional file 2: Figure S1). It is known that PhaP expressed in E. coli exerted a molecular chaperone-like effect [34, 35]; in ΔphaR, PhaP1, PhaP4, and PhaP5 are produced in excess, which may restore proteins denatured under heat stress conditions. In addition, transcription of both blr2761 and bll6069 was elevated in ΔphaR, each of which encodes a protein containing the Usp motif, similar to E. coli uspA, which is involved in stress tolerance [31].
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Our funeral home embodies the spirit of caring and dedication that comes from our founding family, the Waltrips. In 1926, Mrs. S.P. Waltrip and her son, Robert. E. Waltrip, purchased the home at 1317 Heights Blvd. The mother-son pair were so dedicated to serving their community, they chose to live on the second floor while the first floor was used to provide funeral services to the neighborhood. 041b061a72